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Diarrhoea in Children
Diarrhoea is a condition of excessive fluid and electrolyte loss from the body due to frequent stools. Its toll on the human body may range from mild to severe symptoms. With adequate fluids and appropriate medications, most cases can be managed effectively.
What is Diarrhoea?
Diarrhoea is defined as passing frequent (mostly watery) stools more than three times a day. It may be classified in terms of duration, as acute and chronic. Acute diarrhoea starts abruptly and lasts for a few days up to four weeks while the condition is termed as chronic diarrhoea if it persists beyond a month.
It may also be categorized on the basis of the causative factor. Infectious diarrhoea is much more common than other causes of systemic diseases and medication associated diarrhoea. The main worry in diarrheal diseases is dehydration, or simply the loss of fluids from the body. Newborn babies and young children are the most vulnerable to diarrhoea, as their immunities are low and digestive tracts are underdeveloped. Dehydration may or may not be associated with loss of electrolytes or body salts. These electrolytes are essential for normal functioning of the body, including cardiac, renal and muscular-skeletal systems.
Causes of Diarrhoea in Children
Following are the most common causes studied:
1. Gastro-Intestinal Infections
Infections of the gastric and intestinal mucosa are the most common cause of diarrhoea in children and adults. Microbes enter the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) through unhygienic food or water, uncooked or partially cooked food. These organisms may include viruses, bacteria and parasites.
2. Rotavirus
It is the most common diarrheal diseases causing agent in newborns and children and is the leading cause of infant deaths worldwide. It is now preventable by means of a rota-viral vaccine.
3. Adenovirus
Besides causing respiratory illnesses in newborns and young children, adenoviruses can cause diarrheal diseases in them too. It may spread through close contact, coughing and sneezing. The infection may be severe enough to cause dehydration.
4. Salmonella Typhi
Typhoid or Enteric fever is a bacterial form of gastroenteritis. It may spread through contaminated water or food. In its most severe form, it may cause ulcers in the digestive system which might require surgical management.
5. Escherichia Coli
A Gram-negative bacteria usually associated with urinary infections may cause diarrheal diseases in children due to contaminated water and foods. This is the organism also associated with the traveller’s diarrhoea.
6. Parasitic Infections
Infestations with hookworms, roundworms and tinea infections are caused mostly by eating raw meat, beef or swine meat.
7. Food Allergies and Intolerance
Some babies are intolerant of certain foods like milk proteins, eggs, potatoes and groundnuts. When such foods are ingested, the gastric mucosa is inflamed, which responds by means of an immune reaction to curb the inflammation. This immune reaction is associated with intolerable symptoms like nausea, gastritis and vomiting. Galactose intolerance is one such example wherein the necessary enzymes are deficient which metabolize the sugar galactose present in milk. Hence, such babies are intolerant to milk, including breast milk.
8. Medications
Certain medications, including anti-cancer drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and various antibiotics cause diarrhoea by inciting an inflammatory reaction in the gastric and intestinal mucosal linings.
9. Diseases of the GIT
A host of gastric disorders, including autoimmune disorders, cancers and structural diseases may cause diarrhoea as a manifestation.
10. Bowel Disorders
Inflammatory bowel diseases including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac and tropical sprues, are among the most common disorders causing diarrhoea.
11. Hormone Disorders
Hormonal disorders, like diabetes and hyperthyroidism, lead to an autonomic instability causing diarrhoea.
12. Cancer
Diarrhoea can be a symptom of gastric or intestinal infection.
Symptoms of Diarrhoea in Kids
The severity of diarrhoea may be divided into mild, moderate and severe categories based on the symptoms:
Mild to moderate diarrhoea may have the following symptoms:
Frequent loose stools with watery consistency
Pain in abdomen: cramping or severe pain.
Fever: infectious diarrhoea is associated with elevated temperatures.
Nausea and vomiting.
Severe diarrhoea & dehydration may have the following additional symptoms:
Dehydration
Blood in stools
Pus in stools which is usually seen in parasitic infections
Pain while defecating
Persistent vomiting
Diagnosing and Treating Diarrhoea in Children
Diagnosing and treating diarrhoea medically would require the following steps to be taken:
Diagnosis
1. Detailed Clinical History
An elaborate history of the symptoms, eating habits, and medications can be useful for diagnosing the cause of diarrhoeal diseases.
2. Physical Examination
Your clinician will examine you for signs of dehydration, like abdominal pain and tenderness.
3. Laboratory Investigations
Blood tests: to detect bacterial diseases, hepatitis and PCR for viral pathogens.
Stool microscopy: to detect parasites in the stools.
Allergy tests: to diagnose intolerance or allergies to certain foods or substances.
Ultrasound examination
Treatment
1. Hydration
Primary management of diarrhoea is restoring the lost fluid and electrolytes from the body.
2. Treating the Cause
Cause-specific therapy for infections and bowel disorders can cure diarrhoea permanently.
3. Probiotics
help restore the natural intestinal flora of essential micro-organisms.
4. Antispasmodics
Help relieve the pain and spasms.
5. Antibiotics
Treat the infection by killing the organism responsible.
Alternative Therapies
Besides the standard therapies, the following options may help in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea.
1. Acupuncture
Stimulating certain vital pressure points either in the hand or feet, may help reduce diarrhoea by means of providing involuntary stability.
2. Meditation & Yoga
Helps improve immunity levels, decreases stress, clear digestive system and avoids over the counter medications.
Best Diet for Diarrhoea
Selecting foods can be a challenge when your baby is affected by diarrhoea as the digestive system is extremely sensitive and unable to digest foods easily. However, the guide below entails the things you can and cannot feed your little one in such an instance:
Foods To Eat
For babies younger than six months, you should continue breastfeeding as usual besides the medications for diarrhoea. Your doctor might ask you to give additional breastfeeds if there are signs of dehydration. Lactose intolerant babies may require special feeds in replacement of breast milk.
Babies older than six months can be fed with the following foods:
Banana mash with milk
Boiled potato mash
Bland porridge of rice
Soft, tender vegetable roots, like beets and carrots
Wheat cereals or oatmeal preparations
Curds or flavoured yoghurts
Babies on formula feeds should be continued with their diets. It is essential to ensure adequate nutrition through diet during an episode of diarrhoea for a speedy recovery and prevent weakness due to dehydration.
Foods To Avoid
The intestinal mucosa is altered in diarrhoea. Hence digestion becomes difficult. It is advisable to avoid certain foods which may be difficult to digest and hence harmful during diarrhoea in toddlers and young children:
Excessive dairy products like cow milk, butter and cheese
Packed foods, fried chips or excessive sweets and chocolates.
Avoid giving too much fruit juices, as they contain synthetic preservatives
Fried and greasy foods, spicy or tangy sauces
Seafood and non-vegetarian foods should be avoided as they are difficult to digest items
Home Remedies for Diarrhoea in Kids
Mild to moderate diarrhoea without dehydration can be efficiently managed at home with the following:
1. Adequate Rehydration
ORS or the Oral Rehydration solution is a balanced mix of essential electrolytes, salts and sugars that should be administered with doctor’s advice to replenish the loss of electrolytes.
2. Continue Breastfeeding
Various studies and guidelines support the continuation of breastfeeding for babies less than six months with diarrhoea.
3. Small and Regular Meals
Babies irrespective of their age should be fed adequately and regularly during a diarrhoea episode. The loss of fluids and electrolytes causes weakness and deficiencies of vital nutrients. Ensure feeding every three to four hours.
4. Maintain Diaper Hygiene
One should keep the child’s diaper region clean and dry. You may use anti-fungal or anti-bacterial creams and powders to avoid microbes.
Some common and natural home-made remedies for diarrhoea relief include:
Herbs help in improving the bowel habits, for example, tea made with chamomile.
Turmeric is an ancient antiseptic. A teaspoon of turmeric taken with warm water (only if tolerated) can be helpful.
Bitter gourd juice with an extra pinch of salt.
Lemon drop and pinch of black pepper added to ginger juice is said to relieve cramps in diarrhoea
Gooseberry helps reduce the water content of stools
Mashed apple slices can help improve diarrhoea.
Tannins present in black tea reduce the intestinal inflammation.
Blackberries and black seed oil are said to reduce diarrhoea.
Coconut water replenishes the potassium loss
Curds or yoghurts have probiotic properties which enhance the normal intestinal flora.
Banana is a high fibre fruit, it helps maintain normal bowel habits and prevents diarrhoea.
How Can It Be Prevented
Following steps can help prevent diarrhoea in children;
Exclusive breastfeeding your babies until the age of six months, as it provides antibodies to the child.
Boiling water before use for drinking to destroy pathogens.
Avoiding outside food for your child as much possible as don’t know the level of hygiene in the kitchen where it is cooked.
Ensuring the child washing their hands before eating to remove any lingering pathogens.
Restricting the consumption of excess sweets, spices and fried foods as it could upset the stomach.
Avoid excess use of medications as it is known to disturb the digestive system.
Recognizing signs in your baby such as excessive crying, not accepting feeds, frequent change of diapers, the colour of stools, etc. and taking corrective action.
When to Take Your Child to the Doctor
Following are the red flag signs when you should immediately consult your baby’s doctor:
Dry skin, sunken eyeballs, reduced urine volume
Frequent soiling of diapers (4-6 stools a day is considered normal for newborns), watery stools, dark yellow or green stools
Cold, clammy skin
Drowsy or not playful like usual
Untreated diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition, especially in the developing nations. Malnutrition is, in turn, the commonest cause of infant deaths all around the world. As a parent, one must always watch out for the signs and take remedial action immediately.
Also Read: Dehydration in Babies Read more
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How Animal Sounds Can Help Your 13 Months Old
Parents put in a lot of effort to help their toddler pick up language skills quickly. However, did you know that when a 13-months-old baby learns animal sounds, he takes a step closer to achieving the speech milestone?
You just can't wait for the day when your munchkin starts speaking to you. You put in a lot of efforts to make this happen soon. You talk to him non-stop, sing songs to him, read him stories and what not. But, did you know that teaching your little one animal sounds can be an equally effective exercise to propel him towards the talking milestone?
Ways Animal Sounds Help Toddlers to Talk
1. Fun with animal sounds
Most toddlers are enamoured by the animals that they come across in their daily lives. Whether it's the pet in your house, the animals he sees at the playground, or the ones on television, the antics of animals attract him. The sounds these animals make can be equally enticing for the little one and a good way to introduce him to different sounds. Start off by showing the child the picture of an animal and mimicking the sound of the animal. Once the baby starts loving this, encourage him to try the sounds. Studies have shown that babies who learn animal sounds by mimicking their parents are quick in learning new words as well.
2. Prelude to Reading Abilities
Get a book for your munchkin that contains pictures of a number of animals. Browse these pictures with your little one. Point at a picture and mimic the sound of the animal. For instance, show your toddler the picture of a cow and go "moo". Of course, you might have to repeat this exercise a number of times before your child can associate the sound "moo" with a cow. However, this gives your child an idea about associating sounds with different things that forms the base for reading as well.
3. Better Cognitive Development
When a 13-months-old-baby learns animal sounds, it not only helps the child to improve his language and speaking skills but also encourages better cognitive development. Wondering how? Once your baby has learnt the sounds of different animals and starts mimicking them properly, you can actually play a fun game with him once in a while. You can show the picture of a particular animal and ask him to ape the sound that the animal makes. This is a great exercise for his little brain and improves the memory and recalling power. In case your toddler knows the names of the animals, you can make do without the pictures.
If you know of other ways of teaching animal sounds to toddlers or know of other benefits it can have on the talking abilities of the little ones, do share your thoughts with us! Read more
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What to Do When You Are Sad - Try These Little Things to Shake Off Your Blues
A sad feeling can be heart-wrenching at times. To put it bluntly, it’s an awful feeling. However, one thing you should keep in mind is that everything in one’s life is transitory and ever-changing. And this goes for your emotions as well, so that feeling of sadness will not linger around for long. Again, that doesn’t mean that you have to stay sad until that feeling wears off.
15 Mood Boosting Things to Do When You Feel Sad
Here are 15 hand-picked things to do when you are sad, to cheer up.
1. Watch Some Comedy Movies
Laughter is one of the best medicines to help you out of your blues, and watching a nice comedy movie can bring a smile to your face. If you are looking for some recommendations, watching a Disney movie might be a good choice to lift your spirits.
2. Go and Take a Stroll
Walking is not only good for your health, but several studies show that it also helps in boosting your energy and keeping your spirits up for good.
3. Have a Mug of Hot Chocolate
Who doesn’t love chocolates? It’s an all-time favourite for almost all age groups. So if you are down and looking to cheer yourself up, a tempting taste of hot chocolate may be enough to soothe your mood. To make it better, sip it slowly as you watch a Disney movie.
4. Cuddle With a Pet
Are you a pet lover? Then half of your worries are already taken care of! Grab your cute pet cat or dog and cuddle softly with them to make you feel better.
5. Have a Talk With Someone You Love
We all have someone dear to us in our life - be it your best friend, your partner, or your mom or dad. Pick anyone who’s been there for you through thick and thin, and don't hesitate to give them a call and let them know that you can use a little change of mood.
6. Jump Into a Warm Shower
Did you know that a warm shower can lift your mood as well by providing emotional warmth? Apparently, a hot shower increases the oxytocin levels which helps in soothing the feeling of anxiety.
7. Clean Your Room
Cleaning or tidying up your room helps your mind to focus, and it also keeps your mind from having negative thoughts. Not only this, doing something productive such as cleaning will give you a sense of achievement, which in turn will make you feel good.
8. Listen to Some Good Music
Music is a great way to lift up your spirits as well. After a long and bad day, a nice, warm shower followed by a good meal and some good music can put you in a lively mood. Put on some soothing music of your choice and feel your heart dancing to the beats of the music.
9. Wear Your Loose and Comfy Clothing
Things can feel a lot better if you are lounging in your comfy pyjamas. Besides, loose and cosy clothes can help your skin feel free.
10. Meditate and Feel the Inner Peace
Don’t worry, you don’t have to be an expert to meditate. Just get yourself in a comfortable position, close your eyes and take a long but slow breath. Be conscious of your breath, and after 5-10 minutes of this practice, you will feel a lot better. You may play some soothing music in the background to create an ambience.
11. A Positive Quote
Do you have any favourite quote which energises you every time you come across it? Well, then it’s better to write it down and paste it on your wall or door to create a positive atmosphere around you. And if you don’t have a favourite quote, you can look up online and choose one if you connect with it. Even better, compile positive quotes in a notebook and read through them whenever you feel down.
12. Colour Your Mood
If you are down and wondering, "I am depressed, what to do?" then it’s time for you to take things in your own hands. And we mean it literally - pick up a pencil and some brushes for colouring. Draw anything - whatsoever comes to your mind, and once you are done, it’s time to colour it! Choose bright colours to feel good, and watch your mood lift up.
13. Shopping
If you are feeling down, shopping may help you distract your mind from all those negative thoughts and liven up your mood.
14. Stand up Comedy Shows
We still insist that nothing beats good laughter to put someone in the right mood. So after taking your long and warm shower and getting dressed in your cosiest clothes with your favourite cup of hot chocolate, relax on your couch and watch some hilarious stand-up specials available on the internet.
15. Take an Expert's Advice
If nothing seems to be working out for you, there might be some other reason as to why you are feeling sad. In such cases, it’s better to seek expert advice so you can find out the root cause and bring back your smile.
Remember, happiness is a personal choice. You have it in you to achieve it, given that you choose to make the right efforts. Nothing is permanent. If it’s rainy today, then it will be a bright, and sunny day tomorrow. Be optimistic, and start your day with a big smile.
Also Read:
Simple Ways to Make Yourself Happy Every Day
Ways to Develop a Positive Attitude
Simple Ways to Take Care of Yourself Read more
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Doctors Find The #1 Reason Your Baby Is Often WIDE Awake At Midnight!
It is 2 a.m. and your baby seems to be the most energised he has been all day! If you are lucky, you will have this experience once or twice in a week. But a lot of us moms face this MUCH more often than that! So, why does it happen and how should you tackle this? Should you get your child to go back to sleep, indulge in some mid-sleep playtime, or find a way to stop it from happening altogether?
As mothers, we become the very best of singers, rockers and comforters when it comes to lulling our babies into sleep. Come bed-time, we try every trick in the book to make sure the baby drifts off into peaceful sleep and naps undisturbed through the night. We do know and understand that newborn babies take time to fall into a sleeping schedule, and will continue to wake up for feeding. However, how is it that babies are so very active in the middle of the night that sleep seems like a distant dream?! Many of our babies are so wide awake at night (even though our eyes are barely open) that it seems impossible to get them to sleep again...
Most moms usually wait it out till the child finally drifts off to sleep. But what if you could find out the cause and then tackle it for good? More sleep for both of you!
Why Babies Are Sometimes Wide Awake At Night
The first step to tackling this sleep problem is to understand why it is happening at all. As per doctors, the reason behind this is two-pronged:
1. Your Baby Wants to Show Off His New Skills
Studies have shown that when a baby learns new skills, they are eager to keep showcasing these new skills as often as they can, including in the middle of the night! It's like they cannot believe how at one moment they were immobile and now they can turn over or wriggle their fingers and it really brings them joy! This brings us to the second part of the reason.
2. Your Baby's Sleep is Segmented, Just Like His Ancestors
Until a couple of hundred years ago, humans used to sleep in two phases - the first sleep and the second sleep. This segmented sleep was divided by a short period of alertness, which ideally lasted for an hour or two. Allegedly, humans fell asleep by 8 and woke up at around 1 am. This 1 am wake-up time was for working or eating or even socialising before returning to bed again. This segmented sleep or polyphasic sleep is actually the natural way for human beings to sleep.
However, due to our societal norms, we have trained ourselves to sleep in the unnatural way that we now know see as normal. Electricity played a major role in these patterns being forced to change. Our unnatural 7-9 hour sleep patterns are actually a mismatch for our babies who naturally follow segmented sleep patterns! The period of alertness, our babies feel, is perfect for showing off those aforementioned skills, which is why this mid-night party occurs so often.
So, How Do We Fix This?
The only way to actually tackle this problem is to train our babies to sleep like we do - unnaturally. This can only be done by gradual training. Babies learn to mimic our patterns and habits and will eventually learn that lights off means that it is time for bed. They will also pick up our drowsy tones in the night as opposed to our more energetic morning tones. If your child is waking up in the middle of the night it is good practice to gently say “It is sleep time now, go back to sleep” and lull them back to sleep.
This means that you resist the urge to play with them till they tire out. Cuddling, night feeds and soothing lullabies will also help your baby go back to sleep. You can try gently stroking their head too, or swaddling them lightly using a gentle, breathable swaddle/wrap. A lot of moms also pretend to go back to sleep in hope that the baby will mimic them. It does work!
However, there's no real 'quick fix' to this situation. You just have to keep at it and it will happen over time.
Meanwhile, remember to enjoy these moments too! As tiring as they definitely are, there will soon be a time where you'll miss lulling you little angel back to bed after the cheeky party for two you've had! Read more
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You Won't Believe How One Mom Made This Stunning Play-Kitchen
Moms are super-women. They can make a wound heal with a hug, repair a bad mood with a smile, and create craft magic that even Harry Potter would find difficult! If you're wondering where to get this beautiful kitchen-set for your little one, here's your answer – at home!
Who needs a store-bought playset when brilliance can be created at home? A mom from the Philippines, Rodessa Villanueva-Reyes, wanted her daughter to have a life-like kitchen set to play around in. Instead of hitting the nearest store, she decided to collect whatever materials she could get at home. Then began the construction of this miniature kitchen that we swear we would love to cook in as well!
Check out the step-by-step DIY below so you can embark on your own kitchen-set journey very soon. We promise one thing - this is surely a permanent goodbye to throwing out your cardboard boxes!
Cardboard Magic in The Kitchen - A Step-By-Step Guide
Rodessa collected all the cardboard boxes lying around at home and from her friends. Then, she lined them up in a kitchen-like outline, cutting and taping wherever required to create doors, oven-glass and counter-tops.
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430"] Source: https://www.forurbanwomen.com/[/caption]
2. Here's her little one already happy with the cardboard kitchen. Little does she know that Mamma is now going to spray some pixie-dust!
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430"] Source: https://www.forurbanwomen.com/[/caption]
3. Mom and Dad proceeded to use vinyl sticker and white cartolina paper to cover-up the boxes. You can use any card paper you find, and pick colours of your choice.
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430"] Source: https://www.forurbanwomen.com/[/caption]
4. It was then time for the toys from old kitchen-sets and doll-houses to take position in the grand kitchen. She used ice-cream cones, play utensils, pots and pans, play-phone, laptop, and even some houseplants. After all, the little kitchen-queen should be well equipped in her den!
The extremely realistic sink was made using an old baking pan. You could use any old utensil available. And guess what? The faucet is actually an empty hand-soap bottle. Ingenious!
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430"] Source: https://www.forurbanwomen.com/[/caption]
5. But wait, how will our tiny chef know it's all her territory? Mom printed out a signage saying “Audrey’s Cafe & Restaurant” using illustration board, and pasted it with glue.
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430"] Source: https://www.forurbanwomen.com/[/caption]
6. And, ladies and gents, drumroll! Presenting the Queen Chef in her new-and-shiny kitchen that looks good enough to spend all day in. We wonder what's cooking!
[caption id="" align="aligncenter" width="430"] Source: https://www.forurbanwomen.com/[/caption] Read more
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Dr Ghouse has added a new answer
Guardian of 0 children
12 hours ago
Q. hllo am in 34 week of pregnancy,cramps in my hand and foots,my pulses is very fast,i feel tiredness internally,are these symptoms are normal
Dr Ghouse
Paediatrician
12 hours ago
A. get investigations particularly hemoglobin level. if there is no relief it is better you see your doctor for proper examination particularly physical examination if there is need for doing investigations to find out the problem and treatment ok
Dr Ghouse has added a new answer
Guardian of 0 children
12 hours ago
Q. i feel some fever internally also
Dr Ghouse
Paediatrician
12 hours ago
A. please check the temperature and get the investigations. fever can be because of different reasons most of the times viral bacterial sometimes due to less immunity there can be recurrence better to treat only with paracetamol if the fever more than 100degr
Rashmi has added a new answer
Guardian of 0 children
11 hours ago
Q. Now I am having pain till then my miscarriage has been done at home
Rashmi
Mom of a 9 yr 8 m old girl
11 hours ago
A. I’m sorry I’m unable to understand your query as you haven’t given any detail about it so whatever the situation is you should get a check with your gynaecologist the doctor would be able to give you better help in whatever treatment of precaution you need to require further
shilpi Bhandari has added a new answer
Guardian of 0 children
7 hours ago
Q. Hello
What is better normal or csec?
shilpi Bhandari
Mom of 2 children
6 hours ago
A. hello dear this is not about which is better this is all about your body and the condition of the baby no doubt the normal procedure is the painful but side effect are not there but after C6 you have to be little more careful and you have to take more precaution but again I am saying that this is not about the better one this is about the condition of your pregnancy
Santu has added a new answer
Expecting Mom due this month
4 hours ago
Q. #asktheexpert
1) till how many days after delivery baby needs to keep on uterus temperatures/warm temperature?
2) Can baby & mother both take bath after 24 hours of delivery?
Santu
Mom of 2 children
4 hours ago
A. It depends on moms and babys health I feel and suggest It's better to check with your doctor and follow their advise. That would be one of the best and safest option for your baby as of now. Take care.
shilpi Bhandari has added a new answer
Guardian of 0 children
4 hours ago
Q. dual marker test is for what purpose??
shilpi Bhandari
Mom of 2 children
3 hours ago
A. The double marker test helps determine whether the unborn baby has any risk of developing neurological abnormalities or mental disorders
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